Young film makers are often eager to gain experience while they are studying or trying to improve their film making skills. Short films are perfect for that task as they don't require huge budgets and don't put too much of a strain on a production crew. Young film makers who are trying to make their name in the movie business would also be eager to produce a movie that could be used as a calling card (like 'George Lucas in Love'.) Some established film makers may also want to try to experiment with a certain new idea or style of filming and to easily see whether it works they would usually produce a short film. A place where young filmmakers can showcase thier short films would be festivals such as the Sundance Film Festival.
Another important reason why short films are made is to communicate a message. A film maker can make a point about a theme he believes in by producing short films. Because of their length and the freedom that is allowed for numerous new and engaging ideas, short films can put across a coherent and easily understandable message to a wide audience especially due to the development of the internet. 'Gravity' is a perfect example of a film maker making an important point about gun crime while also including an interesting exploration into the idea of consequences of your actions.
Short films differ hugely from mainstream feature length films in several regards. Short films are ready to tackle extreme and unpopular themes while mainstream movies are wary of that as they are ultimately out there to make a profit. This links to the point that mainstream films have quite large and considerable budgets while shorts have small budgets and they often have to make do with what they got. As outlined in my posts on conventions of short films, they follow certain conventions due to budget and time constraints while sometimes also experimenting with new and interesting film styles.
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